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36 pages 1 hour read

The Massacre at El Mozote

Nonfiction | Book | Adult | Published in 1994

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Themes

Credibility

Throughout the narrative, we are presented with multiple eyewitness accounts of the massacre, most notably from Rufina Amaya Márquez, who was one of the only survivors and who arguably had the most harrowing and credible experience. Similarly, through Danner’s interviews with the various people involved, we get accounts of the reporters who go into the red zone and bring back the first accounts and images of the massacre: Bonner, Meiselas, and Guillermoprieto. Finally, there is the account of Greentree and McKay in their diplomatic duties. Throughout the book, Danner interrogates the credibility of each of these accounts, noting, for instance, that Greentree and McKay never actually make it to the areas where the killing took place, contrasting this with the reporters who did and with Rufina Amaya, who lived it and repeated her story over and over, never wavering from her original account thereof.

Elsewhere, Danner illustrates the importance of credibility through his willingness to discuss it openly and in a transparent manner in the text itself. For instance, in Chapter 4, he contrasts the accounts of the army versus that of Santiago, the Radio Venceremos director when they differ on the number of dead after a skirmish. He provides the necessary context, draws deductions, and allows the reader to form the conclusions.

The Complexity of the Truth

Many times throughout the narrative, Danner resists easy interpretation, pointing out further complexities that would necessarily impact the “truth” of the matter. For instance, when discussing the cable Greentree wrote that essentially gave permission to the administration to ignore the reports of a massacre in El Mozote, Danner writes, “It is tempting to conclude that [Greentree] simply suppressed what was inconvenient, but the truth of what happened [...] is rather more interesting than that” (114). Danner’s resistance to the easy answers is part of what establishes his credibility as a researcher. The reader trusts him because he is demonstrably delving below the surface level of these incidents in order to dig up the messy, inconvenient reality, because that is the only way we can glean something useful from the massacre.

Uncertainty

One of the elements that seems to be a main cause of the massacre in Danner’s analysis of events is the far-reaching uncertainty at the core of war-torn El Salvador. Early on in the book, Danner says, “The distinction between combatants and noncombatants, never very clear in this guerrilla war, was growing cloudier still” (31). This uncertainty about who is friend and who is foe fuels an environment of constant fear and suspicion, the twin pressures of which can easily lead to violence. 

The link of uncertainty to fear also hits home in the heart of Chapter 5, when Rufina Amaya is relating her experiences at the beginning of the massacre, before people were being murdered before her very eyes, saying:

‘We were thinking that because they hadn’t killed us yet, maybe they wouldn’t,’ Rufina says. After all, no one had really been harmed, and, even if the promises of Marcos Díaz’s officer friend had been worthless—well, the people here had never had trouble with the Army. The people knew that they weren’t guerrillas, and the soldiers, despite their angry shouting, must know it, too (65). 

The uncertainty has the potential to make things even worse, as the soldiers draw things out and make the remaining survivors wonder if they’ll be spared or not.

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