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A little boy sits in Sunday school in silent revolt. When his kindly teacher says: “You must love Jesus . . . and God” (ix), the boy looks at the picture of Jesus on the wall, which shows “a pale young man with flabby forearms and a sad expression” (x). The boy prefers the picture on the other wall that shows Daniel courageously facing lions. The boy likes Daniel, David, and Moses because they are winners. The boy wonders if David could whip the world heavyweight champion and knows that Samson could.
The boy does not understand why Jesus is called the “lamb of God.” He thinks the name sounds like “Mary’s little lamb,” in other words feminine and “sissified” (x). The boy believes that Jesus went around for three years telling people not to do things, so on Sundays it is wrong to laugh or be comfortable. The boy is glad when his weekly Sunday school hour ends.
When the boy grows up and becomes a businessman, he begins to wonder about Jesus. He realizes that only a strong, magnetic man could build one of the greatest organizations of all time (Christianity), which spread and prospered around the globe. This fact does not match the portrayal of Jesus in sermons and books. The man decides to read only what those who had personally known Jesus said about him, studying Jesus as if he were a historical figure about whom he had never heard anything.
He is amazed to discover the ways that Jesus has been misrepresented. Jesus was not a physical weakling; he was a carpenter who spent most of his time outdoors. Jesus’ strong muscles enabled him to drive the moneychangers from the Temple. Jesus was not a killjoy; he was a popular dinner guest who was criticized for eating and drinking with sinners. Jesus was not a failure; he selected 12 men from the lower ranks of business and created a winning organization. The man concludes that the real Jesus is a man that nobody knows. He thinks that someday a book will be written about Jesus that every businessman will read because it will “tell the story of the founder of modern business” (xiii). Since books continue to be published describing Jesus as weak and unhappy, the man decides to write this real story himself.
A Galilean village refuses to admit Jesus and his disciples when they seek accommodation for the night. The tired, angry disciples want God to destroy the disrespectful village. Misunderstood by his disciples, Jesus quietly travels on. 1,800 years later, President Abraham Lincoln also refuses to get upset when General McClellan treats him disrespectfully. A great leader is superior to personal resentments and petty annoyances. He knows that misbehavior will bring its own punishment; for example, no miracles would be performed in that Galilean village.
“Stripped of all dogma,” Jesus’ life is “the grandest achievement story of all!” (9). There has been a literary overemphasis on Jesus as the Son of God. This book will emphasize the human side of the Son of Man and not assume that Jesus knew everything from the beginning of his life. This is not a chronological biography, but a portrait. Sometime in Jesus’ first 30 years, “the eternal miracle” occurred: “the awakening of the inner consciousness of power” (11). In the present, at a gathering of distinguished men who have risen from obscurity, one wonders how the eternal miracle occurred in their lives when they realized they were greater than their origins?
Jesus admires his older cousin John the Baptist and is baptized by him. After Jesus’ initial enthusiasm, he is tempted by Satan, who is either “a personality or […] an impersonalization of an inner experience” (15). Any great man of genius, such as Abraham Lincoln, experiences doubts. During Jesus’ 40 days and nights, he is tempted by the possibilities of material success and political leadership. Finally, Jesus experiences conviction—the essence of leadership for every visionary man—that he has a calling.
Jesus had the voice and manner of a leader—the personal magnetism of overwhelming sincerity. The first element in Jesus’ success was his authoritative conviction, which even impressed the older judge, Nicodemus. The second element was Jesus’ remarkable power of selecting men, recognizing potentials hidden within them. The 12 men he chose had not been successful at anything. The way Jesus formed a victorious organization that conveyed his message around the world is the most amazing example of “executive success” (23). Jesus and the anonymous Roman Centurion who was present at the crucifixion and declared Jesus to be the son of God understood each other because they were both executives with authority. The third element was Jesus’ vast patience in training his disciples. He maintained his faith in them, an executive management principle, despite their mistakes. Jesus knew that Simon would learn from the shame of his mistake of denying Jesus. Jesus renamed him Peter (“the Rock”).
The Bible presents men of contrasting executive abilities. Despite the various strengths of Samson, Moses, and John the Baptist, these men could not organize. Moses took his father-in-law’s advice and associated himself with a partner, Aaron. The partners’ strengths and weaknesses were complementary, so the two men achieved more together than they could have on their own.
Jesus travels with a company of Galilean pilgrims, spending nights in tents under the open sky, to visit the Temple at Jerusalem. Seeing the moneychangers extorting people at the place of worship, Jesus angrily overturns their tables, striking blows with a little whip. Although pictures traditionally explain Jesus’ triumph by showing him with “a halo around his head,” the simple, impressive truth is that the “flabby” priests and moneychangers saw the blazing moral purpose in Jesus’ eyes and “the muscles hard as iron” (37) in Jesus’ arms.
For some people, it is irreverent to suggest that Jesus was physically strong, but he had toiled for years as a carpenter in his father’s shop. Theology has glorified Jesus’ mother, Mary, and the feminine influence in worship. The influence of Joseph has been omitted, yet he must have been a fine father since Jesus used the word, “Father,” as an exalted term for God.
Painters have misrepresented Jesus as soft and frail, lacking in muscle, with “a woman’s face covered by a beard” (43). However, Jesus’ appearance must have differed from these artistic portrayals. Four aspects of Jesus’ experience provide the evidence for this assertion. First, Jesus’ health flowed into others to restore their health. Jesus could not have been a physical weakling when he convincingly commanded the man who had been sick in bed for years to rise and walk at Capernaum. Second, Jesus appealed to a variety of women, from Martha to Joanna, and “no power has fastened the affection of women upon a man like manliness” (48). Third, Jesus had a lifetime of outdoor living and walked from village to village: “He was the type of outdoor man whom our modern thought most admires” (52). Fourth, Jesus’ energetic activities gave him nerves of steel. When Jesus fell asleep in the boat on the lake and a fierce storm arose, the disciples became terrified. They awakened Jesus, who remained calm and quietly issued orders; whether it was a “miracle or not,” Jesus provided “one of the finest examples of self-control in human history” (53).
Jesus exhibited tremendous courage, knowing the forces of opposition against him in his final year of public work. When Pilate, fat with self-indulgence and colorless from indoor living, faced Jesus, tall, bronzed, and hard from days in the open air, Pilate recognized Jesus’ perfect strength and assurance.
Historical depictions of Jesus contradict is real nature as “the friendliest man who ever lived has been shut off by a black wall of tradition” (58), and the world has been robbed of the joyful laughter of a great companion. The Gospel writers were simple men who emphasized the sad events leading to Jesus’ death because these are what impressed them the most. Therefore, the preceding, happier days became less important. The life of Jesus as it has usually been told is like presenting the biography of President Lincoln by focusing only on the details of his assassination and omitting his earlier life.
However, Jesus’ first miracle was performed at a wedding celebration at Cana. When the bride’s mother ran out of wine for her guests, Jesus used his power to prevent the party from failing. Jesus transformed six pots of water into wine. The Old Testament prophets, as well as John the Baptist, were stern, moral men who focused on denouncing sins. Jesus focused more on God as a loving father who wanted his children to be happy. Jesus was not a social outsider. He enjoyed attending feasts and dining at people’s homes. He did not keep all of the stipulated fasts, to the extent that John the Baptist questioned Jesus’ conduct. Jesus told the parable of the proper elder son and the prodigal younger son; the father was so overjoyed at the younger son’s return and repentance that he threw a welcoming feast for him, instead of punishing him.
All people who achieve something disregard criticism. Some of Jesus’ humor was likely lost as a result of his chroniclers’ literal-mindedness. During the tense years of the Civil War, President Lincoln’s Cabinet members were scandalized when he read from a book by humorist Artemus Ward and laughed out loud. The president described the laughter as medicine to ease the strain he was laboring under. Jesus’ disciples were also shocked at how the important Jesus allowed himself to be easily interrupted. A mark of greatness is accessibility. In contrast, Judas was always extremely busy trying to get money. Jesus allowed joyous little children to come to him. Jesus stopped walking when a blind beggar called his name—when there was a need, he had time.
After Jesus’ death, the distortions began: “He who had cared nothing for ceremonies and forms was made the idol of formalism” (87). He who had loved the crowds, gathered children, and celebrated the calling of new disciples was misrepresented. Even at the Last Supper, Jesus told the disciples to be of good cheer and tried to lift up their hearts with the joy of faith.
In Barton’s account of the purpose of The Man Nobody Knows, he utilizes an omniscient narrator instead of writing about his experiences as the author in the first person. This choice gives a sense of universality to his own experiences as he describes a generic little boy. The lack of specific identification also makes his summary more like a story or fable. Barton’s advertising background is evident in his descriptive short sentences, which express key ideas with the use of colorful imagery. He introduces some of the work’s major themes when he depicts the boy’s dislike of a picture of Jesus because of his unmasculine and unhappy appearance: “a pale young man with flabby forearms and a sad expression” (x). The boy prefers the picture on the other wall that shows Daniel courageously facing lions. Barton makes clear that the boy likes Daniel, David, and Moses because they are fighters and winners. Barton details the boy’s perception of a feminization of Jesus. The boy does not understand why Jesus is called the “lamb of God.” He thinks the name sounds like something “for girls,” which he means pejoratively (x).
However, when the boy grows up to become a businessman, he has a new appreciation for the man who had created the “greatest organization” (xi) of all time to spread his message. With this characterization of Jesus, Barton reveals his audience: modern businessmen concerned with masculinity. He portrays the modern man as wiping his mind clean of sermons and traditions, taking the readership along on his investigation of original sources: perusing only “what the men who knew Jesus personally said about him” (15). This framework gives Barton the opportunity to promote his discoveries and convince his readers that Jesus has been incorrectly depicted. In his book, Barton stresses Jesus’ masculinity by asserting that Jesus was not a physical weakling. Jesus was a carpenter with strong muscles from years of toil.
Barton explains in the book’s first chapter that he is not providing a chronological biography, but rather a portrait of Jesus, so he will move back and forth across Jesus’ life, including only certain incidents and conversations. Since Barton claims that there is a literary overemphasis on Jesus as the Son of God, he will emphasize Jesus as the Son of Man, the human side. Barton organizes the book topically and supplements Jesus’ experiences with anecdotes about American political and business leaders, such as President Abraham Lincoln and Henry Ford. Barton asserts that “stripped of all dogma” (9), Jesus’ life is the greatest achievement story. He views Jesus’ life as one of Horatio Alger’s rags-to-riches stories that influenced 1920s business leaders. Barton passes over the first thirty years of Jesus’ life, except to note that sometime in this early period Jesus experienced “the eternal miracle—an awakening of the inner consciousness of power” (11). Although acknowledging that Jesus surpasses them all, Barton describes similar experiences in the lives of other distinguished men whose inner, youthful awakenings prompted their realization that they could be greater than their obscure origins.
Barton describes a present-day gathering of men on comparable, secular trajectories: an international financier whose father had been a poor country preacher, a great newspaper proprietor who had arrived in New York from a tiny Maine village with less than a hundred dollars, and the president of a worldwide press organization who had started as a copy boy in a rural newspaper office. He also psychologically portrays Jesus’ subsequent temptation by Satan for forty days and nights as akin to the “trials and doubts” experienced by any man “of outstanding genius” (15), such as Abraham Lincoln, who worried about his opportunity to rise from the anonymity of a country legal practice. As a twentieth-century man, Barton raises the possibility that Satan may either be a personality or a manifestation of a person’s inner experience.
Barton deviates from the Bible in characterizing Jesus as a successful business “executive” in ways that some might find sacrilegious. Nevertheless, Barton sets forth principles of Jesus that American businessmen can emulate, which he argues enabled him to become a great leader. Jesus had authoritative conviction with the personal magnetism of overwhelming sincerity; he had the remarkable power of recognizing other men’s hidden potentials; and he had vast patience in training his disciples to form an enduring organization. Barton views Jesus’ encounter with the faithful Roman Centurion as an example of men recognizing each other’s executive authority. Barton also parallels President Abraham Lincoln with Jesus in their superiority to personal resentment and petty annoyances. Moreover, he notes that the Bible presents men who possess a range of executive abilities: Samson and John the Baptist could not organize; Moses was deficient in this task as well but partnered with his brother Aaron to have complementary strengths and weaknesses.
In the second and third chapters, Barton tries to explore the human side of Jesus, emphasizing his physicality. Barton stresses Jesus’ masculinity as an outdoor man by pointing out that he would have developed muscles from years of toil as a carpenter and a bronzed look from his life in the open air, walking from village to village. Barton also suggests that Jesus must have been healthy, not frail, in order to restore health to others. Barton contrasts the corrupt Pilate’s cheeks of “fatty self-indulgence” (56) and colorlessness from indoor life with Jesus’ tanned muscularity and closeness to Nature. He strikingly revises the traditional interpretation that emphasizes Jesus’ spiritual authority (“a halo around his head”) in driving the moneychangers from the Temple; Barton emphasizes Jesus’ muscles, which were “hard as iron” (37), as a primary force in the episode. Barton rejects what he deems to be traditional artists’ feminization of Jesus, which he attributes to the theological exaltation of Mary as it “denied any large place to the masculine” (40-41). The son of a Protestant clergyman, Barton critiques “the glorification of Mary,” which he thinks has led to the “almost complete neglect of Joseph” (40).
Barton’s revisionism emphasizes Jesus’ sociability and his enjoyment of life, based on his attendance at feasts, his dining at people’s homes with all types of sinners, and his transformation of water into wine to keep a wedding celebration from failing. Barton attacks the “black wall of tradition” and theological misrepresentations for distorting the description of Jesus, “the friendliest man who ever lived” (58). Barton contrasts John the Baptist’s thundering denunciations with Jesus’ message of a loving God who wants His sons and daughters to be happy. Barton notes the parallels of the humorous accessibility of Jesus and President Abraham Lincoln, which was misunderstood by their followers. Barton uses the analogy of presenting President Lincoln’s life by focusing only on details of his assassination to explain why Jesus’ life is often distorted by viewing it only in terms of the sad events leading to his death.
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