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61 pages 2 hours read

A Column of Fire

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2017

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Part 4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 4: “1583 to 1589”

Part 4, Chapter 22 Summary

Content Warning: This section of the guide mentions sexual assault, execution, and enslavement.

Ned reflects on his inability to conceive with Sylvie. He also considers his wish that he could truly act as Roger’s father. (At the moment, Roger only knows Ned as his uncle.) Roger asks why the Queen hates Catholics and questions the execution of priests, whom Ned believes are trying to contact an imprisoned Mary Stuart. Ned tells Roger that he wishes for religious freedom, but he also acknowledges the complexities of politics. Alfo also seeks Ned's advice on fulfilling his grandmother’s dream to transform the old priory into a marketplace. In a letter from Nath, Ned learns that Pierre’s stepson Alain has secretly converted to Protestantism. Ned decodes a message from Walsingham which reveals Cardinal Romero's return to France; the message also suggests Spanish involvement. The end of the letter says that because Jeronima will only speak to Ned, he and Sylvie need to return to Paris. Margery interrupts and confronts Ned about his discussions with Roger. They disagree on the topic of raising children and bitterly part. At the cathedral, Sylvie and Margery discuss their shared love for Ned and Margery's broken heart over the fact that she was unable to raise Roger with him. Sylvie reveals her infertility and asks Margery to marry Ned if both she and Bart should die.

In Paris, Rollo meets with Duke Henri, Pierre, and others to plan an invasion of England. Henri seeks Mary Stuart's support to return the Catholics to power, and Rollo commits to obtaining maps from his network. Ned returns to Paris and meets with Jeronima, who provides him with the plans for Henri's invasion. She asks about Barney, and Ned tells her about him and Alfo. He also tells her how to keep in contact once he leaves. At Pierre’s house, Pierre finally kills Odette by smothering her, but he panics afterward and faces suspicion from Alain. Sylvie attends Odette's funeral, drawn by their shared connection to Pierre; she suspects that he is responsible for Odette’s death. Because her contact, Nath, has been dismissed from his position as Pierre’s servant, Sylvie asks Alain to serve as her new spy, and he agrees. He tells her about the planned invasion and reveals that Rollo will contact Mary Stuart once he returns to England.

Part 4, Chapter 23 Summary

Alison has spent years imprisoned with Mary Stuart at Sheffield Castle. At the nearby park, where she can go whenever she wants, she encounters Rollo, who tells her about Duke Henri's plan to invade England; he seeks Mary's cooperation. Together, Alison and Rollo devise a way to smuggle letters back and forth. Alison selects Peg Bradford as her messenger, and in Shoreditch, Rollo convinces Francis Throckmorton to deliver these letters.

Concerned about the invasion, Ned arrives in Sheffield to inspect Mary's security. He then returns to London and works to track down the person passing messages to Mary, eventually identifying Francis Throckmorton as the courier. He tells Walsingham, who says not to arrest Francis but to watch him for evidence of Mary’s plans against Elizabeth. Despite Ned's reluctance, Walsingham wants to ensure that Mary faces the death penalty. Ned puts Throckmorton under surveillance. However, Elizabeth later summons Ned and Walsingham and expresses dissatisfaction with their performance as there has been an assassination attempt. Walsingham takes responsibility and says that he is working to stop a plot involving Mary. Elizabeth allows him to continue working. Rollo worries that Walsingham poses a risk to his plans. When Rollo confronts Throckmorton, they are interrupted by Walsingham's men, and this prompts Rollo to burn Mary's letters and flee.

Pierre, who is now an abbot, uses his position to get revenge on Louise, the marchioness, by exploiting her destitution and subjecting her to sexual abuse. Rollo later provides Pierre with maps for the invasion of England, but Throckmorton's arrest and the death of Hercule-Francis, the heir to Henri III, delay their plans. Pierre prioritizes securing the Pope's denunciation of the Protestant heir before proceeding with the invasion.

Part 4, Chapter 24 Summary

Alison and Mary are now guarded by a strict jailer who reads all their letters. They are imprisoned in a house that is too small for Mary’s court. Rollo, disguised as a traveling salesman, informs them of the Treaty of Nemours, which makes Protestantism illegal in France. He also tells them that Duke Henri is continuing with his plans to invade England. Mary and Alison decide to restart communication using messages hidden in beer barrels.

Meanwhile, Ned questions a man named Gilbert Gifford about his return to England. He asks if Gilbert knows Rollo, but he gets no useful information. Ned also visits the house in which Mary is being kept. When a new beer shipment arrives, Alison flirts with Ned to divert his attention and allow Mary to receive her messages. However, Ned confronts the brewer responsible for the shipment, who confesses to assisting the Catholics for personal gain. Ned orders him to continue the deliveries and later realizes that Gilbert is the courier.

Rollo recruits Anthony Babington to overthrow Elizabeth. Babington is tasked with staking out Mary Stuart's prison and developing a plan to free her. Meanwhile, Ned interrogates Gilbert at the Tower of London and exploits his fear of torture to get him to cooperate. Ned returns home to Sylvie, who comforts him and reminds him that he is doing good work. Meanwhile, Alison receives details of Babington's plan, outlining the invasion of England and the liberation of Mary. He also says that Mary must execute Elizabeth once she takes the throne. Disregarding the consequences, Mary agrees.

Ned, frustrated with the lack of evidence against Mary, finally receives a letter that reveals Mary's agreement to the plot against Elizabeth. Meanwhile, Babington celebrates with Rollo, who believes that the time for the attack is near. They encounter Ned, who chases them, but they ultimately escape. Mary is arrested on charges of treason and is taken away, leaving Alison devastated. Following a search, Ned locates Babington. Elizabeth also signs Mary’s death warrant, angering Ned. On the day of the execution, Alison reluctantly assists in dressing Mary in somber attire. The execution is botched, and even in death, Mary is humiliated.

Part 4, Chapter 25 Summary

In response to the looming threat of King Felipe and the Spanish Armada, Sylvie and Ned seek information from their contacts about the invasion plans. Ned receives a letter from Barney, who invites them to Kingsbridge. There, they learn that Alfo is courting Valerie, the daughter of a Huguenot immigrant. Barney also expresses concerns about the potential reintroduction of slavery by the Spanish. Both he and Ned agree that England needs to strike first. Barney joins the English fleet led by Francis Drake to counter the Spanish. The English surprise the Armada in Lisbon, crippling them. While the English celebrate, Bart is unhappy with the unprovoked attack. He thinks it would be better if Felipe restored Catholicism to England, but Margery believes that they will eventually return to Catholicism anyway; she opposes foreign conquest. Felipe rebuilds the fleet, and tensions once again rise between Protestants and Catholics. Margery discovers that Rollo is using her networks to organize support for the invasion. In response, she decides to stop aiding the priests. She informs Sylvie, who relays the information to Ned but also has Stephen leave before he can be found. When the authorities arrive to arrest Stephen, they instead find the weapons being stored for the invasion. A potential fight is prevented when Bart dies as a result of his indulgent lifestyle.

In France, Pierre continues his cruel treatment of Louise, the marchioness. He reflects that he keeps her and Alain around just to be cruel to them. Meanwhile, Alain gives Ned crucial information about the invasion plans. Ned travels to the Netherlands with Carlos. They observe the massive Spanish troop deployment and realize that the only way to stop the armada is before the troops embark.

Part 4, Chapter 26 Summary

In 1588, Rollo is on a Spanish flagship, where he holds a significant position due to his role in preserving the Catholic faith. The war council debates attacking Plymouth but decides to wait. On the English side, Barney accompanies Lord Howard, who chooses to attack despite the wind disadvantage. Rollo prays for success but feels guilty for helping to attack his own country. The next day, the Spanish realized that the English fleet has outmaneuvered them. The English, led by Lord Howard and Drake, engage in a battle against the Spanish Armada. The confrontation moves away from Plymouth.

Rollo observes the Spanish Armada's progress as the days pass, feeling confident in their advance. The Armada reaches Calais but does not receive supplies due to France's neutrality in the conflict. The English prepare for the impending confrontation, but Rollo anticipates victory once the Duke of Parma's army is ready. Lord Howard calls a Council of War. They contemplate using burning ships, and Ned suggests loading their cannons first to maximize damage. At midnight, the fire ships are set in motion, creating panic among the Spanish once the cannons fire. Despite only one ship being destroyed, the Armada is separated. This provides the English with an unexpected advantage as they attempt to regroup. In the following skirmish, Drake and Barney both cause significant damage to the Spanish ships. The English avoid being boarded and use the wind to their advantage, but they lose sight of the Armada in the rain. The Spanish flee, and despite the odds, the English ultimately win the war.

Part 4, Chapter 27 Summary

Alain urgently wakes Pierre for an emergency Privy Council meeting. Pierre is concerned that it might relate to Henri de Guise’s brother claiming that the duke was “the new king of France” (813). The council argues over tax issues, and the king’s financial advisor accuses Henri of hindering peace efforts. Henri is then summoned to the king, and when Pierre follows, he witnesses the king having Henri murdered. Realizing that he is also in danger, Pierre escapes. However, when he attempts to leave with Alain and Louise, they betray him. Louise cuts Pierre with a dagger, and Alain fatally shoots Pierre with his own pistols.

In England, Margery disapproves of Bartlet’s choosing to name his sons Swithin and Rollo, but she helps to care for the children. Roger tells her that he is leaving for Oxford to study law and politics. Rollo arrives, and she condemns his actions. However, he notes that he can use her prior help for the priests to bring about the execution of her and her sons, and this threat forces her to help him.

The Willard family gathers for a festive dinner on the 12th day of Christmas. Stories are shared and plans are discussed, and Sylvie feels a sense of safety now that England's enemies are defeated. After the meal, they attend a play where Sylvie recognizes Rollo. She follows him to aid Ned, who has been pursuing him for years. Panicked, he leads her on a chase through the church and onto the rooftop. In the resulting struggle, he pushes her off the roof, and Sylvie falls to her death in the graveyard. Rollo returns to the market square to feign innocence. At Sylvie's funeral, Margery grieves for Ned's loss. Although both her and Ned are now free to marry, she fears the ongoing torment from Rollo and prays for a resolution that won't involve deceiving Ned or risking her children's lives.

Part 4 Analysis

In Part 4 of the novel, the Catholic plot finally moves from France to England with the Babington Plot and the attack by the Spanish Armada. Together, these events constitute the central moment of opposition to the reign of Elizabeth I. While the naval battle between the English and the Spanish is a pivotal moment, Follett also uses the web of political intrigue and covert operations surrounding the events leading up to this conflict to further his own individual plot, and the author finally pits Ned and Rollo against each other in a game of cat and mouse. Thus, the plot threads at the individual level mirror the broader political games based on real historical events.

In order to appreciate the deeper nuances of Follett’s plot, it is important to understand the intricate historical facts that underlie the novel’s structure. In reality, the Babington Plot was a conspiracy to depose Elizabeth I and replace her with Mary Stuart, who had been imprisoned in England since 1568. The conspirators devised a plan to assassinate Elizabeth and rescue Mary from captivity. The proposed method involved a small group of assassins ambushing the queen during her travels and instigating a Catholic rebellion. They believed that their actions would rally support among English Catholics and lead to the downfall of Protestant rule. This plan was also supported by Philip II of Spain, who is referred to as “Felipe” in the novel. Communication between the conspirators and Mary was facilitated through secret coded letters. Historically, John Ballard was the one who orchestrated the plot, but in the novel, Rollo recruits Babington.

Follett takes poetic license with many historical aspects, for just as Rollo takes over Ballard’s role, Ned is also responsible for many of the breakthroughs on the Protestant side. This includes his later suggestion to use the cannons on the fire ships during the fight with the Armada, and he also discovers that Gifford is the courier passing messages between the conspirators and Mary. In reality, Walsingham himself made Gifford into a double agent. This is yet another example of Follett bending the actual events to suit the narrative of A Column of Fire. While this choice distorts historical deeds in order to focus more intensely on Follett’s fictional characters, especially Ned, the alteration nonetheless creates a more streamlined narrative. Historically, after the letters were found and deciphered, the conspirators were arrested and Mary was implicated, although she maintained her innocence. The discovery and thwarting of the Babington Plot further strained the already tense relations between England and Spain. This situation contributed to the escalation of hostilities that eventually led to the Anglo-Spanish War, a conflict marked by the famous defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.

In other ways, Follett remains fairly true to the historical record. For example, in reality, Elizabeth eventually signed the death warrant, and Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle in 1587. While the intentions and extent of the involvement of the two women in the plot and execution less clear-cut than Follett portrays, his account of the execution is a good match for the historical record. Likewise, the gruesome details of Mary’s execution are all accurately reported, such as the red undergarments, the botched first blow of the axe, and the fact that her head dropped when it was picked up by her wig. However, more fanciful elements intrude when Follett casts Ned as being one of the main parties responsible for Mary’s execution, and this detail is designed to apply a more nuanced human element to the historical event. As the character of Alison notes, “[Ned] looked aghast at the sight of the stage, the axe, and the doomed queen” (753). In this passage, the theme of Idealism and the Realities of Politics truly comes to the forefront. In the events leading up to Part 3, Ned has primarily operated from a position of idealism, but now he is forced to take drastic measures for the greater good of the queen, the country, and the future of religious tolerance. Thus, his chosen course of action compels him to bring about the threat of torture for the conspirators and the death of Mary Stuart. While his political stance renders these actions necessary, the violence also takes a toll on him, and this dynamic becomes apparent in his conversation with Sylvie regarding the act of turning Gifford into a double agent. When he admits that he “hates” his work, Sylvie counters, “Because of you, men like the Duke of Guise and Pierre Aumande can’t do in England what they do in France—burn people to death for their beliefs” (731). However, despite her attempt at reassurance, he retorts, “But in order to defeat them I have become like them” (731), and this realization permanently tarnishes his previously idealistic views of the best ways to promote religious tolerance.

In his paradoxically violent pursuit of tolerance and peace, Ned has been forced to make brutal decisions against the various Catholic conspiracies, and he justifies these decisions in his talks with his son, Roger. Significantly, because Margery disagrees with his stance, the aftermath of these talks returns to the theme of Religious Tolerance and Intolerance. In these talks, Ned is rational and clarifies the complexities of his decisions to his son, noting that he has made necessary sacrifices on the path toward positive change. Margery, however, accuses him of corrupting Roger with “Protestant heresy” (658). This is a significant sticking point between then, one that illustrates the true scope of the religious divide. The conversation also implies that true tolerance requires both open dialogue and disagreement, something which the Catholic characters in Follett’s novel cannot abide.

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